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A Brief Overview of the Three Electric Systems in New Energy Vehicles
Release Time:
2025-06-16
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The "three electric systems" of new energy vehicles refer to the core technologies that define these vehicles. These systems—battery, motor, and electronic control—are the most critical innovations distinguishing new-energy cars from traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, as they form the advanced powertrain designed as a direct replacement for the internal combustion engine system.
The "three electric systems" of new energy vehicles refer to the core technologies that define these vehicles. These systems—battery, motor, and electric control system—are the most critical innovations distinguishing new-energy cars from traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, as they form the advanced powertrain designed as a direct replacement for the internal combustion engine systems found in conventional cars.
Batteries: Batteries are the power source for new-energy vehicles, responsible for storing and delivering electrical energy.
The motor: The motor is the driving component of new-energy vehicles, converting electrical energy into mechanical energy to propel the vehicle forward.
The electric control system serves as the control center of new-energy vehicles, responsible for managing the operation of both the battery and the motor.
I. New Energy Vehicle Batteries
Batteries are the source of energy, equivalent to the "fuel tank" in a gasoline-powered vehicle. They typically consist of cells, a battery pack, a battery management system, a cooling system, high- and low-voltage wiring harnesses, a protective casing, and other structural components.
Based on their materials, they can be categorized into: ternary lithium batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries, lithium manganese oxide batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and more. There are many types of batteries used in new-energy vehicles; below are the advantages and disadvantages of some commonly used battery types:
1. Lithium Ternary Battery
Advantages: High energy density, excellent cycle performance, fast charge-discharge capability, and cold-temperature resistance.
Drawbacks: Poor stability, low security, short service life, and prone to overheating.
Advantages: Excellent stability, high security, low cost, and long service life.
Drawbacks: Slow charging and discharging speeds, poor cold-weather performance, and limited driving range.
3. Lithium Cobalt Oxide Battery
Advantages: High power, mature technology, and high energy density.
Drawbacks: Low cycle life—only around 300 cycles—and prone to overheating, with somewhat limited safety.
4. Solid-State Batteries
Advantages: Strong endurance, excellent safety.
Drawbacks: Slow charging speed, high manufacturing costs.
5. Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries
Advantages: High cycle life, resistant to overcharging and over-discharging, capable of operating in low temperatures, and environmentally friendly.
Drawbacks: Poor charging performance at high temperatures, significant self-discharge current, and a tendency to degrade battery capacity during charge-discharge cycles.
Application models: Primarily used in hybrid vehicles.
II. New Energy Vehicle Motors
Converting electrical energy into mechanical energy is equivalent to the "engine" in a gasoline-powered vehicle, providing the car with driving force—it's also known as the drive motor.
1. DC Motor
Speed control is easy, operation is simple, and costs are low—but energy efficiency is poor, and service life is short, leading to its near-complete phase-out in China.
2. AC Asynchronous Motor
Asynchronous motor rotor coils are relatively low in cost, and during operation, a portion of the stator current in an asynchronous motor is used for excitation. Asynchronous motors are larger in size but exhibit excellent high-temperature resistance. They feature a simple structure, good stability, and are easy to maintain, which is why they are primarily used in China's new-energy buses.
3. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
When operating, the input current of a synchronous motor is entirely directed toward the rotating magnetic field in the stator, while the rotor naturally generates its own magnetic field. This design makes synchronous motors more energy-efficient. Additionally, synchronous motors are compact in size, boast high power-to-weight ratios, and deliver substantial output torque. However, they have relatively poor resistance to high temperatures, making them better suited for urban driving conditions characterized by frequent starts and stops. Moreover, synchronous motors generate less heat across their wide speed range, resulting in improved endurance and longer driving ranges—features highly sought after in new-energy vehicles that prioritize both extended range and superior performance, such as Lexus's lineup of hybrid and electric models.
3. New Energy Vehicle Electronic Control
As a replacement for the functions of traditional engines (transmissions), the electric motors and motor control systems in new-energy vehicles act like the human "nervous system," primarily managing the electric car's power transmission, energy storage, regenerative braking, and distribution. Simply put, they determine how the vehicle accelerates, shifts gears, brakes, and climbs hills—directly influencing both the overall driving experience and the vehicle's safety.
In the narrow sense, "electronic control" refers to the vehicle-level controller. However, in new-energy vehicles, "electronic control" encompasses much more—such as motor controllers and battery management systems—each of which communicates via networks like CAN.
1. Vehicle Control Unit (VCU)
The vehicle-level controller is relatively easy to understand—it primarily collects various signals from the accelerator and brake pedals, makes corresponding decisions, and issues commands. In new-energy vehicles, it also coordinates communication among the different controllers.
2. Motor Controller MCU
The primary function of the motor controller is to receive torque message commands from the vehicle's main controller, thereby regulating the speed and rotational direction of the drive motor. Additionally, during the energy recovery process, the motor controller is responsible for rectifying the alternating current generated by the motor's auxiliary torque and returning it to recharge the power battery.
3. Battery Management System (BMS)
The battery management system's main functions include real-time monitoring of battery physical parameters, online diagnostics and early warning, charge/discharge and pre-charge control, as well as balancing and thermal management.
Summary: The battery, motor, and electric control system work together to form the powertrain of new-energy vehicles, determining the vehicle's performance and reliability. As new-energy vehicle technology continues to advance, the "three-electric" technologies are also constantly innovating and improving—driven by the goal of enhancing range, charging speed, and safety in next-generation EVs.
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